If I were you, I would:
1) First, set the listbox aligned to alLeft and embed the TImage, TEdits, etc. into a TPanel aligned as alClient. Then calculate and set the width of the list box in the OnResize event of the form and you're done.
Note that you can also keep the design and basically re-calculate the new widths of each control at OnResize, but it's easier with a judicious use of panels (or a similar container).
2) Use Anchors and BorderSpacing to position each control relative to the others; doing it that way the design will keep more or less the same when changing sizes and it will be more adaptable if the conditions change, for example in HighDPI systems and such.
That's all I can say after a quick glance.