You're probably talking about the ping command. Do ls -l /bin/ping and you probably see something like -rwsr-xr-x root root. The s means that a non root user executes ping with the setuid root (chmod +s).
Sending a ping from code does require root privileges, even on debian.
Yep, it's setuid root.
Edit: But I still don't understand the reasoning behind making the ping command available to ordinary users, even if only via setuid. Apparently, a number of distros come that way. Google doesn't provide a ready answer as to why.
Anyway, this is a bit off topic, so I think I will drop the subject and just query a Linux sys admin I know.