I know that, when I create DEB files, the icon that I select there, is the icon that after the installation of that DEB file will appear in file managers etc.
Try to copy the icon in PNG format to /usr/share/pixmaps
The PNG file must have the same name as your app (case-sensitive) and the extension PNG.
My icon is 128x128 pixels. I don't know if other formats are also working or not.