Searching the lazarus directory for the mentioned constants shows that only LAYOUT_RTL is actively used, and it's used in just 2 files with a total of 3 occurrences:
lazarus/lcl/interfaces/win32/win32callback.inc
win32callback.inc (534,39) SetLayout(CurDoubleBuffer.DC, LAYOUT_RTL);
lazarus/lcl/interfaces/win32/win32wsmenus.pp
win32wsmenus.pp (814,21) SetLayout(AHDC, LAYOUT_RTL);
win32wsmenus.pp (883,25) SetLayout(AHDC, LAYOUT_RTL);
None of the other constants is actively used in the Lazarus sources.
lcl/interfaces/win32/win32extra.pas already has the windows unit in uses, which means it will use the constants from FPC's rtl.
lazarus/lcl/interfaces/win32/win32callback.inc is included in win32int.pp, which has the windows unit in uses. This means that it will use the constants from FPC's rtl.
lcl/interfaces/win32/win32wsmenus.pp already has the windows unit in uses, which means it will use the constants from FPC's rtl.
So I don't see a problem in applying the patch to the development Lazarus sources. I don't use Windows, but I had no problems in building Windows executables from Linux using Lazarus source files without those constants.