It's hard to say what changed. Could even be the content of the array.
Before we go into depth... Have you tried FpDebug?
You can set it under menu: Tools > Options > Debugger > Debugger Backend.
It might be in the list (dropdown in toolbar on top of page) already, if not "add" button, and then chose under "debugger type".
On the issue itself.
You (probably) did not change: Lazarus or Fpc.
I don't know if your gdb got recently updated.
It could also be the linker.
Or any library that is linked into your app (gtk, clib, .....)
Since you were able to extract it into a small sample app, it is not likely related to your surrounding code.
And a static array of integer, is normally not something that would crash gdb.
There was a recent issue that may be related:
https://gitlab.com/freepascal.org/lazarus/lazarus/-/issues/40148The issue appears (one first glance) to be caused by a specific version of glib.
If you must use gdb (instead of FpDebug), the first suggestion would be to try and get a different version of gdb. (even an older could help)
You can also try to check/enable DisableLoadingSymbolsForLibrary (in your first image). Though it's a long shot.