Actually, it is not a good idea to install individual deb files downloaded from the internet, unless you are more experienced with Linux. This is because often it conflicts with versions alreasy in the repository. This is why you get the errors.
Using Synaptic you can install Lazarus without any problems. Dependencies are resolved automatically. I never ran into directory problems as you mentioned.
However, I haven't used Ubuntu or Mint in a while. Recently I installed the latest version of Debian (9.1) and got Lazarus with FPC completely from the repo. No problems whatsoever. Debian actually never gave me problems with Lazarus, as long as you stick to the official Debian repo's.
But you have to be careful with what desktop you use. If it is GTK based, such as GNOME or XFCE then you need to install the appropriate library for Lazarus, although I believe it is the default (lcl-gtk2-1.6). If you run a Qt based desktop, like KDE, you need to install lcl-qt4-1.6). You can always install both. Your versions in Synaptic may vary depending on your Linux distro.
Anyway, with Debian 9.1 and KDE 5.8 I can develop and compile software without problems. Debian 8 didn't give me any problems either. I used Ubuntu and Mint in the past, but found they were not the ideal environment for software development because of stability issues. Debian is much more stable in this respect.
For clarity, Debian does not give you the latest software, but it does give you a very stable system. I use Lazarus 1.6.2 with FPC 3.0.0.